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There is a long tradition in classical music (as well as in other genres) of writing music in sets of pieces that collectively cover all the major and minor keys of the chromatic scale. These sets typically consist of 24 numbers, one for the major and minor key of each key signature. Well known examples include Johann Sebastian Bach's ''The Well-Tempered Clavier'' and Frédéric Chopin's 24 Preludes, Op. 28. Such sets are often organized as preludes and fugues, or designated as preludes or études. Sets that comprise all the enharmonic variants include 30 numbers. Some composers have restricted their sets to cover only the 12 major keys or the 12 minor keys; or only the flat keys (Franz Liszt's ''Transcendental Études'') or the sharp keys (Sergei Lyapunov's Op. 11 set). In yet another type, a single piece may progressively modulate through a set of tonalities, as occurs in Ludwig van Beethoven's Op. 39, two Preludes modulating through all 12 major keys. Some partial sets such as these were intended to complement existing sets, whether written by the same composer or someone else (as in the case of Lyapunov's Op. 11 set of ''Transcendental Études'' in the sharp keys, which was designed to complement Liszt's flat-key cycle). The bulk of works of this type have been written for piano solo, but there also exist sets for piano 4-hands; two pianos; organ; guitar; two guitars; flute; recorder; oboe; violin solo; violin and piano; cello solo; cello and piano; voice and piano; and string quartet. There are examples of attempts to write full sets that, for one reason or another, were never completed (Josef Rheinberger's organ sonatas, Dmitri Shostakovich's string quartets, César Franck's ''L'Organiste''). The sections below deal (unless stated in the section heading) with completed sets covering all 24 keys. ==Well-known examples== Some of the best known examples of works covering all 24 major and minor keys are: * Johann Sebastian Bach: ''The Well-Tempered Clavier'' (1722 and 1742; two separate sets of 24 Preludes and Fugues, together known as "the 48") * Frédéric Chopin: 24 Preludes, Op. 28 (1835–39) * Charles-Valentin Alkan: 25 Preludes, Op. 31 (1847), 24 Études in all the major and minor keys, Opp. 35 and 39 (1848 and 1857) * Alexander Scriabin: 24 Preludes, Op. 11 (1893–95) * Sergei Rachmaninoff: 24 Preludes, Opp. 3/2, 23 and 32 (1892; 1901–03; and 1910) * Paul Hindemith: ''Ludus Tonalis'' (1942, twelve keys) * Dmitri Shostakovich: 24 Preludes and Fugues, Op. 87 (1950–51). He also wrote a separate set of 24 Preludes, Op. 34, in 1933. There is a hybrid case. Franz Liszt's 12 ''Transcendental Études'', S. 139 (1826–52) covered the natural and flat keys only. He originally planned to write the full suite of 24 études, but apparently abandoned this plan. In 1897–1905, Sergei Lyapunov wrote his 12 ''Études d'exécution transcendante'', Op. 11, which employed only the remaining sharp keys, and was dedicated to Liszt's memory.〔"(Liszt: The complete music for solo piano, Vol. 4 – Transcendental Studies performed by Leslie Howard )", ''Hyperion-Records.co.uk''.〕 In the sense that Lyapunov "completed" what Liszt had originally set out to do, these two sets could be considered to form a unified set of 24 ''Transcendental Études'' traversing all the keys. There are many other lesser-known examples, some of which are detailed below. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Music written in all major and/or minor keys」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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